IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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1^  1^    III  2  2 

^  ^  mil  2.0 


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Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notas  tachniquas  at  bibliographiquaa 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  bast 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  altar  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


S 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couvertura  de  couiaur 


rn   Covers  damaged/ 


Couvertura  endommagie 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^a  et/ou  pellicula 

Cover  title  missing/ 

La  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartas  g4ographiques  an  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relii  avec  d'autras  documents 


□    Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  int6rieure 

□    Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
11  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutiss 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  la  taxte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  iti  filmAes. 


L'Institut  a  m!<:rofilm«  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  M  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquis  ci-dessous. 


r~~]    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 

Pages  restored  and/a 

Pages  restaurAes  et/ou  pelliculAes 

0 

0    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditachies 

0Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


I      I    Pages  damaged/ 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d^colories,  tachetAes  ou  piquies 


D 


Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  inigale  de  I'impression 


I      I    Includes  supplementary  material/ 


Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


□    Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  itd  filmies  A  nouveau  de  faqon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


FyPI    Additional  comments:/ 


Commentaires  supplAmentaires; 


Pagination  as  follows  :    [369]  •  382  p. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


Th«  copy  filmed  h«r«  has  be^n  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of; 

Legislature  du  Quebec 
Qutbec 


L'axamplaira  film*  fut  raproduit  grica  i  la 
gAnirositi  da: 

Legislature  du  Quebec 
QuMmc 


Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  baat  quality 
poasibla  conaldaring  tha  condition  and  laglbility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  In  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacifieationa. 


Original  copiaa  in  printad  papar  eovars  ara  filmad 
beginning  with  tha  front  eovar  and  anding  on 
tha  laat  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impraa- 
sion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriate.  All 
othar  original  copiaa  ara  filmad  beginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  Illuatratad  Impras- 
aion.  and  anding  on  tha  laat  paga  with  a  printad 
or  lllustratad  impraasion. 


Tha  laat  recorded  frame  on  each  microflcha 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^(meaning  "CON- 
T1NUE0"),  or  the  symbol  ^  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  appiiaa. 

Mapa.  plataa.  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratioa.  Thoae  too  lerge  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  expoaure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  comer,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framea  aa 
required.  The  following  diagrama  illuatrata  the 
method: 


Lee  Imeges  suivantaa  ont  M  raproduitee  avec  le 
plua  grand  soin.    ompta  tanu  de  le  condition  at 
da  la  netteti  de  I't  ^empiaira  iMm*.  at  an 
conformitA  avec  lea  conditiona  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Lee  axemplairee  originaux  dont  la  couverture  wt 
papier  eat  imprim^a  sont  filmte  9n  commenpant 
par  la  premier  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
derni4re  page  qui  comporte  une  emprainta 
d'impreaaion  ou  d'llluatration.  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  eaa.  Toua  lea  actrea  sxempiairas 
originaux  sont  filmis  an  commandant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
dlmpreeaion  ou  d'llluatration  at  en  terminant  par 
la  darniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  dee  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
damlAre  imege  de  cheque  microfiche,  seion  le 
caa:  le  symbole  — *•  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Lee  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  dtre 
fiimte  A  dee  taux  de  rMuction  diff«rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atra 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film*  ik  partir 
de  I'angle  sup4rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite. 
et  de  heut  en  baa.  wi  prenent  le  nombre 
d'Imeges  nteessaira.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
iliustrant  la  mithoda. 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

b 

6 

ON 


^ 


THE    PRIMORDIAL    FAUNA 


AND   THR 


TACONIC     SYSTEM, 


Bv  JOACHIM  BARRANDE. 


WITH    ADDITIONAL    NOTES, 


By  JULES  MARCOU. 


[From  the  Proceedingn  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  Vol.  vii. 

Decetnber,  1860.  | 


BOSTON; 

1860. 


ON 


THE    PRIMORDIAL    FAUNA 


AND   THE 


TACONIC     SYSTEM, 


By   JOACHIM  BARRANDE. 


WITH    ADDITIONAL    NOTES, 


By  JULES  MARCOU. 


[From  the  Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Noiural  History,  Vol.  vii. 

December,  I860.] 


BOSTON: 

1860. 


BIVERSIDE,    OAMBRIDOB: 
PBINTBD     BY     H.    O.    HOUGHTON. 


, 


ON 


THE    PRIMORDIAL    FAUNA 


AMD  THE 


TACONIC    SYSTEM, 


By   JOACHIM   BARRANDE. 


WITH    ADDITIONAL    NOTES, 


By  JULES   MARCOU. 


The  discovery  of  Paradoxides  Harlani  at  Braintree,  and  that 
of  Paradoxides  Bennetti  and  Conocephalites  at  St.  Mary's  Bay, 
Newfoundland,  in  slates  until  then  regarded  as  Azoic  and  placed 
among  the  crystalline  and  primary  rocks,  show  plainly  that  the 
Primordial  fauna  is  represented  also  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of 
North  America.  These  are  not  isolated  facts,  but  rather  two 
landmarks  showing  the  existence  of  strata  occupying  an  impor- 
tant place  in  the  system  of  stratified  rocks. 

In  a  letter  dated  Paris,  29th  May,  1860,  M.  Barrande 
says : — 

"  If  you  see  Prof.  W.  B.  Rogers  I  beg  you  to  thank  him  for  his  three 
beautiful  photographs  of  Paradoxides  Harlani  (Green,)  which  he  was 


370 


80  kind  as  to  sotid  me.  Tliey  were  very  interestinp  to  our  Geolofjical 
Society  (of  France)  wliere  T  hIiowcJ  them,  statinji  that  tliis  spccica  is 
idcMitical  wilii  1\  spinosus  ot'Buliuinia.  Tills  is  a  vory  important  fact,  and 
sliould  have  a  happy  result,  that  of  establisliin}:;  the  relative  age  of  the 
most  ancient  formations  on  the  two  continents." 


Or 


Soc. 


e  Primordial  Fauna"  (see  " Bui.  d( 
Geol.  de  France,"  vol.  XVII.  p.  551,)  M.  Barrande  gives  it  as  his 
opinion  that  the  P.  Bennetti,  though  differing  fron\  the  P.  spinosus 
of  Bohemia,  belongs  to  the  same  group  of  fossils. 

This  being  established,  let  us  proceed  a  little  farther  and  see 
if  previous  discoveries  and  published  records  permit  the  exten- 
sion of  the  Primordial  fauna  over  some  other  portions  of  North 
America. 

Prof.  E.  Emmons  in  his  geological  survey  of  Lake  Champlain, 
as  far  back  as  1838,  recognized  below  the  Potsdam  sandstone  a 
series  of  strata,  which  he  described  at  length  in  1844,  and  named 
the  Taconic  System.  The  fossils  then  found  by  Prof.  Emmons 
were  few  in  number  and  so  badly  preserved  that  some  doubts 
may  have  been  entertained  at  that  time  as  to  their  determination 
and  value  as  characteristic  fossils.  Nevertheless,  his  Eliptocepha- 
lus  asaphoides  was  a  Trilobite  form  so  different  from  those  known 
in  the  other  strata  of  New  York,  that  a  skilful  paleontologist  would 
not  have  let  it  pass  without  further  inquiry. 

The  principal  argument  of  Prof.  Emmons  was  based  on  strati- 
graphical  and  lithological  grounds,  and  the  numerous  sections 
and  descriptions  of  rocks  accompanying  his  Taconic  system  arc 
certainly  conclusive,  so  far  as  geognostical  characters  are  con- 
cerned. The  paleontologist  of  the  State  of  New  York  rejected 
the  Taconic  system,  and,  siding  with  other  opponents  of  Prof.  Em- 
mons's discovery,  in  his  first  volume  of  the  "  Paleontology  of  New 
York,"  (1847,)  Mr.  James  Hall  assigns  the  age  of  the  Hudson 
River  group  to  the  strata  of  the  Taconic  system,  explaining  the 
diflference  of  lithological  characters  by  metamorphisms,  the  dis- 
cordance of  stratification  and  the  different  thickness  of  the  strata 
by  folding  and  faults ;  the  fossils  he  regards  as  badly  determined 
His  opinions  are  not  supported  by  detailed  sections,  but  he  refers 
to  the  Introduction  of  his  work  for  explanation,  which  Introduction 
as  yet  remains  unpublished. 


371 


Since  1844  Prof.  Emmons  has  continued  his  observations  and 
discoveries  on  those  bottom  rocks,  and  in  18")5  he  gave  a  more 
complete  account  of  his  Taconic  system  in  the  second  part  of  his 
"  American  Geology."  This  book  has  unfortunately  escaped  M. 
Barrande's  inquiries,  for  his  attention  would  be  strongly  drawn  to 
the  new  Taconic  fossils  it  contains.  It  is  evident  from  the  new 
specimen  o(  JSliptocephalus  asaphoides,  from  the  shales  of  Washing- 
ton County,  New  York,  figured  PI.  I,  fig.  18,  that  this  trilobite 
is  a  Paradoxides  related  to  the  group  of  P.  spinosus,  perhaps 
identical  with  the  P.  Harlani  of  Braintree.  Besides,  the  tri- 
lobite figured  PI.  I,  fig.  16,  and  called  Atops  trilineatus,  is  a  true 
SaOy  which  genus  is  among  the  most  characteristic  of  the  Primor- 
dial fauna  of  Bohemia  and  Scandinavia.  Prof.  Emmons  has  thus 
found  at  least  two  trilobites  of  the  Primordial  fauna  in  slates  form- 
ing part  of  his  Taconic  System.  Trilobites  are  the  most  impor- 
tant fossils  for  the  determination  of  the  age  of  the  oldest  strata ; 
the  labors  of  M.  M.  Barrande  and  Angelin  have  shown  with  what 
certainty  geologists  can  rely  upon  them.  Other  less  significant 
fossils  have  been  found  by  Emmons,  such  as  Graptolites,  Lingulce, 
and  Oboli.  Sections  and  very  detailed  descriptions  of  strata  show 
that  the  Taconic  system,  as  defined  by  its  discoverer,  is  composed 
of  shales,  slates,  limestones,  dolomites,  conglomerates,  sandstones, 
and  iron  breccia,  whose  combined  thickness  is  between  25,000  and 
30,000  feet,  always  resting  on  granite,  gneiss,  quartzite,  and  other 
crystalline  rocks ;  that  it  lies  at  the  base  of  the  Silurian  (such  as 
the  Silurian  was  first  established  in  England  and  in  America)  ; 
and  that  this  bottom  formation  extends,  according  to  Emmons 
himself,  from  Newfoundland  to  Maine,  Canada,  Vermont,  Massa- 
chusetts, Rhode  Island,  and  along  the  AUeghanies  to  Georgia. 

A  discovery  made  some  time  since,  but  only  published  last 
year,  has  brought  before  the  scientific  world  new  forms  of  fossils, 
which,  according  to  M.  Barrande,  unquestionably  belong  to  the 
Primordial  fauna.  The  following  is  the  statement  of  M.  Bar- 
rande, contained  in  a  letter  to  Prof.  Bronn  of  Heidelberg,  to  be 
published  in  the  German  Geological  Journal :  "  Neues  Jahrbuch  fiir 
Geologic  nnd  Petrefakten  Kunde." 

^^ Paris,  July  16,  I860.' 

" I  have  recently  received,  thanks  to  the  kindness  of  M.  E. 

Billings,  the  learned  paleontologist  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, 


'I 


372 


a  very  intcrestinp;  pamphlet  Rntitlcd  '  Twelfth  Annual  Report  of  the 
Rt'ficnts  of  tlio  University  of  the  State  of  New  York,  1859.'  If  you 
possess  this  publication,  you  will  find  there,  at  pape  59,  a  memoir  of 
Prof  J.  Hall,  entitled  '  Trilobites  of  the  Shales  of  the  Hudson  River 
Group.'  This  eavant  there  describes  three  species  under  the  names 
Olenus  Thompsjiii,  Olenus  Vermonlana,  anil  Peltura(Otemts)  fiotopt/(/n. 
The  well-defined  characters  of  these  trilobites  are  described  with  the 
clearness  and  precision  to  be  expected  from  so  skilful  and  experienced 
a  paleontologist  as  James  Hall. 

"  Although  the  specimens  are  incomplete,  their  primordijvl  nature  can- 
not admit  of  the  least  doubt,  when  the  descriptions  are  read,  accom- 
panied with  wood  engravings  which  the  large  dimensions  of  these  three 
species  render  sufficiently  exact.  The  first  is  105  millira.  long  by  80 
broad,  the  other  two  are  somewhat  smaller. 

"  The  hefids  of  the  two  Oleni  being  deteriorated,  the  furrows  of  the 
glabella  cannot  be  recognized.  The  thorax  has  a  common  and  re- 
markable character,  which  consists  in  the  greater  development  of  the 
third  segment,  the  point  of  which  is  stronger  and  longer  than  in  all  the 
other  pleura.  This  is  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  Parailoxides,  the 
second  segment  of  which  has  the  same  peculiarity.  Besides,  there  is  an 
intimate  relation  between  these  two  primordial  types,  and  we  should 
not  be  surprised  if  America  furnished  us  with  forms  uniting  most  of  their 
characteristics.  The  pygidium  of  0.  Thompsoni,  the  only  one  that  is 
known,  shows  no  segmentation,  and  attests  by  its  exiguity  its  relation 
to  a  primordial  trilobite.  P.  holopi/ga,  by  its  whole  appearance,  resembles 
the  sj)ecies  of  Sweden  so  well  known  by  the  name  of  P.  Scarabcenides. 

"  Thus  all  the  characters  of  these  three  trilobites,  as  they  are  recog- 
nized and  described  by  J.  Hall,  are  those  of  tiie  trilobites  of  the  primor- 
dial fauna  of  Europe.  This  is  so  true,  that  I  think  I  may  say  without 
fear,  if  M.  Angelin,  or  any  other  paleontologist  practised  in  distinguish- 
ing the  trilobites  of  Scandinavia,  had  met  with  these  three  American 
forms  in  Sweden  or  Norway,  he  would  not  have  hesitated  to  class  them 
among  the  species  of  the  Primordial  fauna,  and  to  place  the  schists 
enclosing  them  in  one  of  the  formations  containing  this  fauna.  Such 
is  my  profound  conviction,  and  I  think  any  one  who  has  made  a  serious 
study  of  the  trilobitic  forms  and  of  their  vertical  distribution  in  the  old- 
est formations  will  be  of  the  same  opinion. 

"  Besides,  all  who  have  seriously  studied  paleontology  know  well  that 
each  geological  epoch,  or  each  fauna,  has  its  proper  and  characteristic 
forms,  which  once  extinct  reappear  no  more.  This  is  one  of  the  great 
and  beautiful  results  of  your  immense  researches,  which  have  general- 
ized this  law,  recognized  by  each  one  of  us  within  the  limits  of  the 
strata  he  describes. 


> 


373 


"  The  prcat  American  paleontologist  arrived  long  gincc  at  the  same 
conclusion,  for  in  1817  lie  wrote  the  fbllowin<»  passa>,'«  in  the  IntroduC' 
Hon  to  the  first  volume  of  the  Monumental  Work  oonsucrutud  to  the 
Paleontolojiy  of  Nevt  York. 

"  '  Every  step  in  this  research  tends  to  convince  us  that  the  succession 
of  strata,  when  clearly  shown,  furnishes  conclusive  proofs  of  the  existence 
of  a  rcfjular  8e(iucnce  among  the  earlier  organisms.  We  are  more  and 
more  able,  as  wo  advance,  to  observe  that  the  Author  of  nature,  though 
always  working  upon  the  same  plan  and  producing  an  infinite  variety 
of  forms  almost  incomprehensible  to  us,  has  never  repeated  the  same 
forms  iti  successive  creations.  The  various  organisms  called  into  ex- 
istence have  performed  their  parts  in  the  economy  of  creation,  have 
lived  their  period  and  perished.  This  we  find  to  be  as  true  among  the 
sim[)1e  and  less  conspicuous  forms  of  the  paleozoic  series,  as  in  the 
more  remarkable  fauna  of  later  periods.'  —  J.  Hull, '  Pal.  of  New  York* 

J.  p.  XXI  ur 

"  When  an  eminent  man  expresses  such  ideas  so  eloquently,  it  is  be- 
cause they  rise  from  his  deepest  convictions.  It  must  then  be  conceived 
that  J.  Hall,  restrained  by  the  artificial  combinations  of  stratigraphy 
previously  adopted  by  him,  has  done  violence  to  his  paleontological  doc- 
trines, when,  seeing  before  him  the  most  characteristic  forms  of  the  Pri- 
mordial fauna,  and  giving  them  names  the  most  significant  of  this  first 
creation,  he  thinks  it  his  duty  to  teach  us  that  these  three  trilobites 
belong  to  a  horizon  superior  to  that  on  which  the  second  fauna  is  extin- 
guished. 

"  In  eflTect,  according  to  the  text  of  J.  Hall,  the  three  trilobites  in  ques- 
tion were  found  near  the  town  of  Georgia,  Vermont,  in  schists  which  are 
superior  to  the  trtie  Hudson  River  group.  In  his  works  J.  Hall  does 
not  go  beyond  indicating  the  horizon  of  certain  fossils,  and  no  one 
would  think  of  asking  a  guaranty  for  such  indications.  But  on  this 
occasion  the  great  American  paleontologist  thinks  it  necessary  to  sup- 
port his  stratigraphical  determination  by  another  authority,  chosen 
from  the  most  resjjcctable  names  in  geology.  The  following  is  the  note 
which  terminates  his  Memoir. 

"  '  NoTK. —  In  addition  to  the  evidence  heretofore  possessed  regarding 
the  position  of  the  shales  containing  the  Trilobites,  I  have  the  testi- 
mony of  Sir  W.  E.  Logan,  that  the  shales  of  this  locality  are  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  Hudson  River  group,  or  forming  a  part  of  a  series  of 
strata  which  he  is  inclined  to  rank  as  a  distinct  group,  above  the  Hud- 
son River  proper.  It  would  be  quite  superfluous  for  me  to  add  one 
word  in  support  of  the  opinion  of  the  most  able  stratigraphical  geologist 
of  the  American  continent.* 

"  Now,  when  a  savant  like  J.  Hall  thinks  himself  obliged  to  invoke 


374 


testimony  to  guarantee  the  exactness  of  the  position  of  a  few  fossils,  it 
is  c'leai'  that  the  determination  of  this  position  is  difficult. 

"  In  order  to  unilcrstand  these  difficulties  1  have  consulted  the  maps 
and  documents  relating  to  the  State  of  Vermont  and  the  country  in  wliich 
the  town  of  Georgia  is  situated,  and,  although  the  library  of  our  Geo- 
logical Society  does  not  contain  all  that  one  could  wish  on  this  subject, 
I  recognized  easily  that  Georgia  is  placed  in  the  region  where  the  order 
of  succession  of  the  doposits  is  the  most  obscured  by  foldings  and  dislo- 
cations ;  so  that  the  position  of  the  schists  in  question  could  not  have 
been  determined  by  the  incontestable  evidence  of  direct  superposition. 
Besides,  the  physical  appearance  of  these  schists  is  not  that  of  the  rocks 
constituting  the  typical  group  of  Hudson  River.  This  is  ve'-ified 
by  the  Note  of  J.  Hall,  for  it  tells  us  that  Sir  W.  E.  Logan  is  inclined 
to  make  a  distinct  group  of  these  schists  superior  to  that  of  the  Hudson, 
and  which  consequently  would  crown  the  whole  Lower  Silurian  division  of 
the  continent. 

"  For  the  above  reasons,  the  geological  horizon  on  which  the  three 
Oleni  of  Georgia  were  found  appears  to  me  to  have  been  but  uncer- 
tainly determined  at  first  view,  and  even  in  complete  opposition  to 
jpaleontulogical  documents. 

"  I  do  not  think,  then,  that  I  weaken  in  the  least  degree  the  respect 
and  confidence  justly  inspired  b)  the  labors  of  the  American  savants 
whose  names  have  just  been  mentioned,  when  I  ask  them  in  the  name 
of  science  to  make  new  researches  and  new  studies,  that  may  lead  to  a 
final  anri  certain  solution  of  this  important  question. 

"  Doubtless,  thanks  to  the  progress  of  our  knowledge,  we  are  now  no 
longer  bound  by  the  ancient  conception  of  the  simultaneous  extinction 
and  the  total  renovation  of  the  fauna).  For  myself,  in  particular,  it 
would  not  be  possible  to  accuse  me  of  siuiilar  views  at  the  moment  when 
I  publish  the  explanation  of  my  doctrine  of  colonies.  But  jou  will  per- 
ceive that  the  fattts  which  I  invoke  in  support  of  this  doctrine  are  far 
from  sustaining  the  reappearance  of  a  fauna  after  the  extinction  of  the 
following  fauna,  which  the  three  trilobites  of  Georgia  would  do,  if  they 
had  really  lived  after  the  deposit  of  the  Hudson  River  group. 

"  This  reappearance  would  be  still  niore  astonishing,  as  among  the 
three  great  Silurian  launas  the  second  fauna  occupies  the  greatest  ver- 
tical space  and  is  probably  the  one  which  enjoyed  the  longest  existence. 
Thus,  to  verify  such  a  reappearance,  the  most  incontestable  proofs  are 
acquired,  fcr  such  a  decision  would  oblige  tL  i  entire  re-formation  of  one 
of  our  most  important  scientific  creeds. 

'•  Yours  very  truly, 

"J.  BARHANDE." 


^ 


t 


k 


i 


i 

I 


375 

Prof.  Emmons  has  always  regarded  these  black  slates  of  Geor- 
gia as  part  of  liis  Taconic  i^ystem,  and  more,  he  refers  them  to 
the  base  of  the  upper  division  of  the  Taconic  rocks  (see  "  Amer- 
ican Geology,"  part  II.  p.  49).  The  strata  are  dislocated  and 
upheaved  at  Georgia,  and  as  far  as  my  knowledge  of  the  geology 
of  the  vicinity  of  Burlington,  Isle  La  Motte,  Chazy,  and  Rouse's 
Point  extends,  acquired  in  an  exploration  of  a  few  days  in  1849, 
I  am  far  from  agreeing  with  the  statement  made  by  Messrs.  Logan 
and  Hall  that  the  strata  of  Georgia  are  of  the  age  of  the  Hudson 
River  group.  Mr.  Emmons,  I  think,  rightly  refers  them  to  the 
Taconic  system,  and  the  discovery  of  the  three  primordial  trilobites 
confirms  the  view  arrived  at  by  him  only  through  their  strati- 
graphical  and  lithological  characters. 

In  another  letter,  dated  Paris,  14th  August,  1860,  M.  Barrande 
says :  — 

"  You  will  easily  perceive  the  interest  and  importance  of  the  question, 
even  if  it  were  only  raised  on  account  of  the  three  Oleni  of  Georgia  ; 
but  it  takes  in  now  a  much  wider  field,  owing  to  a  letter  I  have  just 
received  from  Mr.  Billings,  official  paleontologist  of  the  Geological  Sur- 
vey of  Canada,  who  informs  me  that  he  has  found  'ately,  in  the  schists 
and  limestones  near  Quebec,  considered  as  being  the  prolongation  of 
those  in  question  in  "Vermont,  nearly  one  hundred  species,  almost  all 
new.  Twenty-six  of  these  come  from  a  white  limestone,  and  seem  to 
him  to  be  the  true  representatives  of  the  Primordial  fauna,  and  he  cites 
among  them  Conocephalites,  Arionellus,  Dikellocephaius,  etc.,  that  is, 
very  characteristic  forms  of  this  fauna. 

"  In  another  limestone,  which  is  gray,  he  finds  thirty-nine  species,  all 
different  from  the  first,  and  v^presenting,  on  the  contrary,  the  most  dis- 
tinct types  of  the  second  fauna.  Finally,  the  black  schists  furnish  him 
with  Graptolites,  Lingulce,  etc.,  etc.,  fossils  which  at  first  sight  cannot 
determine  a  horizon,  because  they  are  found  upon  several  Silurian 
horizons. 

"  While  waiting  for  the  very  obscure  stratigraphical  relations  to  be 
disentangled,  and  without  engaging  in  any  manner  Mr.  Billings,  who 
should  preserve  the  independence  of  his  opinion,  I  may  yet  express  to 
you  my  view  wlioUy  personal,  and  of  which  at  this  moment  I  take  the 
entire  responsibility.  I  think,  then,  that  this  region  of  schists  and  lime- 
stones of  Vermont,  in  other  words  the  Taconic  systetii,  will  reproduce 
in  America  that  which  took  place  in  England  as  to  the  Malvern  Hills, 
and  in  Spain  for  the  Cantabrian  chain,  —  that  is  to  say,  the  Primordial 


376 

fauna,  after  having  been  disregarded,  will  regain  its  rights  and  its  placp., 
usurped  by  the  second  fauna. 

"  You  see  it  is  a  great  and  noble  question,  whose  final  solution  will 
complete  the  imposing  harmonies  existing  already  between  the  series  of 
paleozoic  faunae  of  America  and  that  of  the  contemporaneous  fauna3  of 
Europe,  leaving  to  each  the  imprint  peculiar  to  its  continent. 

"  I  can  well  imagine,  from  the  position  previously  taken  by  our  learned 
American  brothers  on  the  subject  of  the  Taconic  system,  that  the  final 
solution  of  which  I  speak  will  not  be  obtained  without  debate,  and  per- 
haps some  wounding  of  self-love,  for  some  opinions  that  appear  to  be 
dominant  must  be  abandoned. 

♦'  But  experience  has  taught  me  that  in  such  cases  the  most  elevated 
minds  turn  always  first  to  the  light,  and  put  themselves  at  the  head  of 
the  movement  of  reform.  Thus,  when  in  1850  1  recognized  the  Primor- 
dial fauna  in  the  Malvern  Hills,  where  the  second  fauna  only  had  been 
found,  Sir  Henry  de  la  Beche  and  Sir  Roderick  Murchison  were  the  first 
to  adopt  my  views,  to  which  little  by  little  the  other  official  geologists 
agreed  ;  Ed.  Forbes  ranged  himself  publicly  on  my  side  in  1853  in  |  The 
Geological  Survey,'  while  others  still  hesitated,  and  now  there  is  no 
longer  any  opponent. 

"  I  think  it  will  be  nearly  the  same  in  America,  and  that  in  some  years 
from  now  the  opinions  of  your  savans  will  have  undergone  a  great 
change  as  regards  this  question. 

"  It  is  a  fine  opportunity  for  Dr.  Emmons  to  reproduce  his  former  ob- 
servations and  ideas  with  more  success  than  in  1844. 

"  Yours  very  truly, 

"J.  BARRANDE." 

I  would  add  to  the  above  letter  a  few  words  on  the  geology  of  the 
vicinity  of  Quebec.  Twelve  years  ago  I  passed  a  few  days  in  that 
region,  and  my  opinion,  formed  from  my  own  observations  made  at 
that  time,  differs  wholly  from  the  publications  of  Mr.  Logan  and  Dr. 
Bigsby  on  the  subject.  Dr.  Bigsby  (  On  the  Geology  of  Quebec  and 
its  environs,  "  Quart.  Journ.  of  the  Geol.  Soc.  of  London,"  vol.  IX. 
p.  82, 1853,)  refers  all  the  strata,  except  a  narrow  band  of  limestone 
north  of  Quebec,  to  the  Hudson  River  group  ;  the  limestone  band 
extending  from  Montmorency  to  Indian  Lorette  is  determined  by 
him  as  Trenton  limestone.  The  fossils  upon  which  he  relies  for 
placing  the  Quebec  strata  in  the  Hudson  River  group  are  only  a 
few  Gravtolites.  Dr.  Bigsby  admits  that  the  Hudson  River  group 
is  enormously  developed  in  that  part  of  North  America,  that  it  is 
composed  of  rocks  almost  azoic,  and  that  he  does  not  understand 


t 


cl« 


'■: 


377 


cS 


clearly  how  what  he  calls  the  Hudson  River  group  came  to  be 
conformable  to  the  gneiss,  with  two  unconformable  and  widely 
different  strata  of  great  thickness  interposed.  Mr.  Logan  is  of  tlie 
same  opinion  as  Dr.  Bigsby  on  the  age  of  the  strata  in  the  vicinity 
of  Quebec,  and  moreover  he  gives  an  explanation  of  what  puzzled 
the  Dr.  so  much.  In  his  "  Report  of  Progress  for  the  year  1852-3," 
p.  35  and  36,  Mr.  Logan  explains  the  discordance  of  stratification 
between  the  Trenton  limestone  and  the  Quebec  bituminous  black 
and  gray  slates,  by  an  anticlinal  axis  complicated  by  a  fault.  It 
must  be  observed  that  Mr.  Logan  admits  that  he  cannot  give  any 
precise  facts  by  which  to  determine  the  position  of  the  anticlinal. 
I  quote  his  description  of  the  Montmorency  Falls  section. 

"  The  details  of  the  fault  are  well  displayed  at  Montmorency  Falls ; 
here  the  channel  of  the  river  is  cut  down  through  the  black  limestone 
beds  of  the  Trenton  formation  to  the  gneiss  of  the  anticlinal  ridge,  and 
the  water  at  and  below  the  bridge  flows  down  and  across  the  gneiss, 
and  leaps  at  one  bound  to  the  foot  of  a  precipice,  which,  immediately 
behind  the  water,  is  composed  wholly  of  this  rock.  At  the  summit  of 
the  cascade,  the  Trenton  beds  on  each  side  have  a  thickness  of  almost 
fifty  feet,  and  they  are  marked  by  Trinucleus  concentricus,  Calymene 
senaria,  Conularia  quadrisulcata,  Leptcena  sericcea,  L.  delloUlna,  Orthis 
testudinaria,  and  Lingula.  The  dip  of  these  beds  is  down  the  stream  at 
a  very  small  angle ;  but  at  the  foot  of  the  precipice,  and  in  immediate 
contact  with  the  gneiss,  about  the  same  thickness  of  limestone  is  tilted 
up  to  an  angle  of  fifty-seven  degrees;  it  is  followed  by  a  similar  amount 
of  black  bituminous  shale  with  the  same  slope ;  in  this  attitude  these 
rocks  climb  up  the  face  of  the  precipice,  presenting  their  edges  to  the 
chasm  on  each  side.  They  are  followed  by  about  eight  feet  of  strong 
hard  gray  sandstone,  weathering  brown,  in  beds  of  ten  to  eighteen 
inches,  interstratified  with  black  shales,  to  which  again  succeed  gray 
arenaceous-argillaceous  shales,  composing  the  sides  of  the  chasm,  out  to 
the  waters  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  limestones  belong  to  the  Trenton, 
the  black  shales  to  the  Utica  formation,  and  the  gray  to  the  Loraine 
shales." 

When  at  Montmorency  Falls,  28th  Sept.  1849,  I  made  the  fol- 
lowing notes.  The  fall  is  formed  by  a  quartzite  rock  passing  to 
mica-schist  (gneiss  of  Messrs.  Logan  and  Bigsby)  with  traces  of 
substratification,  and  running  east  20°  north,  to  west  20^*  south  ; 
at  the  foot  of  the  fall  and  in  contact  with  the  quartzite  there  is  a 


378 


series  of  black  bituminous  slates,  with  intercalations  now  and  then, 
more  especially  near  uie  base  of  the  fall,  of  small  beds  of  lime- 
stone. This  system  of  slate  is  strongly  upheaved,  the  beds  dipping 
east  east  south  at  an  angle  of  60°,  and  near  the  foot  of  the  fall 
they  are  almost  vertical.  They  form  a  sort  of  amphitheatre  around 
the  falls  and  are  prolonged  toward  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  dis- 
appearing beneath  the  water  and  reappearing  at  the  Isle  of  Or- 
leans. I  find  no  fossils  in  this  system.  The  upper  part  of  the 
fall  is  formed  by  a  series  of  blue  limestone  40  or  50  feet  in  thick- 
ness, almost  horizontal  near  the  bridge,  but  inclined  from  10°  to 
15°  east  east  south,  on  the  left  side  of  the  fall  near  the  chasm. 
This  limestone,  which  is  a  little  marly,  rests  directly  on  the 
quartzite  rocks ;  it  contains  immense  numbers  of  ramose  corals, 
which  were  submitted  in  1850  to  Milne  Edwards  and  Jules 
Haime,  and  were  identified  by  those  learned  paleontologists  with 
the  Alveolites  repens  (Fougt.)  of  the  Upper  Silurian  of  Dudley 
and  "VVenlock  in  England  and  of  Gothland  in  the  Baltic,  and 
nearly  related  to,  if  not  identical  with,  a  ramose  coral  of  the 
Niagara  group  at  Lockport.  The  Alveolites  repens  was  the 
only  fossil  found  by  me  at  Montmorency,  and  was  noted  with 
the  suggestion  that  the  limestone  belongs  to  the  Trenton  or 
perhaps  the  Niagara  group.  The  quartzite  and  mica-schist  have 
upheaved  the  bituminous  black  slates,  and  the  almost  horizontal 
strata  of  limestone  have  been  deposited  after  the  dislocation.  This 
description  of  Montmorency  Falls  differs  widely  from  the  de- 
scription published  by  Mr.  Logan,  and,  now  that  the  question  of 
the  Primordial  fauna  and  the  Taconic  system  is  brought  forward, 
I  have  no  doubt  that  those  black  slates  at  the  foot  of  Montmo- 
rency F"«lls,  the  strata  of  the  Isle  d'Orleans,  the  city  of  Quebec, 
the  Plains  of  Abraham,  Point  Levi,  all  the  south  shore  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  going  up  the  Chaudiere  River  as  far  at  least  as  the 
Chaudiere  Falls,  which  are  all  strongly  elevated,  dislocated,  and 
follow  the  general  direction  east  20°  north  to  west  20°  south,  be- 
long to  the  Taconic  system  of  Vermont  and  Eastern  New  York, 
and  that  in  this  system  the  fossils  belonging  to  the  Primordial 
fauna  have  been  found.  I  did  not  see  the  anticlinal  axis  with 
fault,  described  by  Mr.  Logan,  and  I  explain  the  relations  of  the 
rocks  by  a  discordance  of  stratification,  caused  by  upheaval  an- 


I 


V 


379 

terior  to  the  deposit  of  the  Montmorency  Bridge  limestone.  At 
Indian  Lorette  the  section  is  almost  identical  with  that  of  the  Mont- 
morency Falls.  In  the  direction  of  Beauport  I  picked  up  in  some 
limestone  quarries  several  brachiopoda  which  resemble  Trenton 
brachiopoda,  but  they  were  never  determined  in  a  regular  way. 
They  are  now  in  the  collection  of  the  Jardin  des  Plantes  at  Paris, 
with  my  other  gatherings  in  North  America  during  the  years  1848, 
'49,  and  '50. 

Mr.  Salter,  who  has  examined  the  fossils  picked  up  by  Dr. 
Bigsby  at  Montmorency,  Beauport,  and  Indian  Lorette,  regards 
them  as  indicating  the  Trenton  limestone,  and  Mr.  Logan  gives  a 
list  of  fossils  indicating  for  the  limestone  at  the  summit  of  the 
cascade  the  Trenton  age.  In  accordance  with  these  two  geolo- 
gists, I  regard  those  horizontal  beds  of  limestone  as  representing 
the  Trenton  limestone  of  New  York,  although  I  think  the  pres- 
ence of  the  Alveolites  rspens,  an  Upper  Silurian  coral,  in  those 
rocks,  requires  further  inquiry  before  arriving  at  a  final  conclusion 
on  all  the  rocks  found  at  Montmorency. 

The  fifty  feet  of  limestone  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Logan  at  the  foot 
of  the  fall,  and  in  immediate  contact  with  the  gneiss,  I  did  not  see, 
and  it  is  difficult  for  me  to  believe  that  fifty  feet  of  limestone  could 
have  escaped  my  notice  when  my  attention  was  entirely  fixed  on 
the  stratigraphical  phenomena  of  the  section  of  Montmorency  Falls. 
But  it  is  such  a  celebrated  place  for  excursions  and  of  such  easy 
access,  that  the  verification  of  the  question  by  a  geologist  can  readily 
be  made.  Even  if  these  fifty  feet  of  limestone  are  there,  it  is  to  be 
proved  that  they  contain  Trenton  fossils,  which  Mr.  Logan  does 
not  say. 

Messrs.  Logan  and  Hunt,  in  previous  works,  {''Report  of  Prog- 
ress of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,  for  the  year  1847-48," 
and,  «  Esquisse  Geologique  du  Canada,  avec  une  Carte  Geologique 
du  Canada,"  Paris,  1855,)  have  described  and  colored  all  the 
country  east  of  Montreal,  between  Lake  Champlain  and  Quebec, 
as  occupied  exclusively  by  strata  of  the  age  of  the  Hudson  River 
group  and  Oneida  sandstone,  or  Richelieu  slates  and  Sillery  for- 
mation, with  some  patches  of  Trenton  limestone.  It  is  certain  that 
the  Taconic  system  occupies  the  main  part  of  the  country,  and 
that  the  geological  map  of  Lower  Canada  is  to  be  greatly  modi- 
fied to  be  put  in  harmony  with  the  Primordial  fauna  formation. 


380 

I  have  been  informed  lately  that  Messrs.  Logan,  Hunt,  and 
Hall  maintain  the  age  of  the   Hudson  River  group  for  the  strata 
of  Quebec  and  Georgia  on  stratigraphical  grounds,  which  to  Mr. 
Lo<-an  are  very  clear ;  and  that  they  are  disposed  to  thmk  the 
so-called  Primordial  fauna  extends  much  higher  in  Canada  than  in 
Europe,  and  has  reappeared  after  a  first  extinction.     Such  a  de- 
cision should  not  be  reached  without  the  most  decisive  proofs,  tor 
it  breaks  through  the  laws  of  paleontology,  and  annihilates  almost 
all  the  results  arrived  at  by  the  labors  of  Smith,  Cuvier,  Brongnmrt, 
De  Buch,  D'Orbigny,  Agassiz,  Barrande,  etc.,  for  the  last  fitty 
years.     Nor  is  this  the  first  attempt  of  geologists  recognizing  Mr. 
James  Kail  as  their  leader  against  the  recognized  laws  of  pale- 
ontology.   During  the  last  six  years  they  have  placed  an  Ohgocene 
flora  helow  the  cretaceous  rocks,  a  Triassic  flora  among  what  they 
call  Jurassic  rocks,  Jurassic  fossils  in  cretaceous  rocks,  the  moun- 
tain limestone  fauna  above  the  coal-measures,  cretaceous  fossils  in 
Triassic  rocks,  etc.  etc. 

There  is  at  least  one  proof  that  Messrs.  Hall,  Logan,  and  Hunt 
can  give,  to  show  that  the  Primordial  fauna  extends  over  the  second 
fauna,  -  it  is  to  show,  in  those  parts  of  New  York  where  the  strata 
are  without  dislocation  and  succeed  regularly,  such  as  Utica, 
Lorai.ie,  Pulaski,  and  the  neighborhood  of  Rome,  that  the  Pri- 
mordial fauna  is  above  the  second  fauna. 

There  is  only  one  point  on  which  I  differ  from  Prof.  Emmons,  — 
it  is  as  to  the  propriety  of  placing  the  Potsdam  sandstone  as  the 
base  of  the  Silurian.    Until  now  not  a  single  fossil  of  the  Calcifer- 
ous  sandrocks,  of  the  Black  River  group,  or  of  the  Trenton  group, 
has  been  found  in  the  Potsdam  of  the  State  of  New  York ;  on  the 
contrary,  it  contains  the  Primordial  fauna,  such  as  Conocephahtes, 
Dihellocephalus,  Orthis,  and  Lingula.     Thus,  the  Potsdam  group 
is  paleontologically  entirely  independent  of  the  Lower  Silurian, 
while  it  possesses  fossils  belonging  to  the  Taconic  system.      I 
am  not  sufiiciently  acquainted  with  its  distribution  and  position 
as  regards  the  Taconic  and  the    Calciferous  sandrocks  to  give 
a   decided  opinion   based   on    stratigraphical  grounds,  but  from 
the  description  of  Prof.   Emmons  in  his    Taconic   system,   and 
from  what  I  have  seen  at  Little  Falls,  the   Calciferous  sand- 
rocks are  certainly  very  differently  distributed  from  the  Pots- 
dam, and  a  dislocation  and  disturbance   of  strata  have   taken 


r 


r 


h 


» ■• 


381 


place  between  the  two  groups.  Instead  of  regarding  the  Potsdam 
as  the  first  term  of  the  Silurian  rooks,  I  think  it  is  the  last  one  of 
the  Taconic  system,  which  changes  its  place  of  bottom  rocks  con- 
taining fossil  remains  into  that  of  cover,  capping  a  system  of  30,000 
feet  of  fossiliferous  strata,  containing  at  different  levels,  especially 
the  upper  half,  the  remains  of  organic  beings  left  by  the  Primor- 
dial fauna. 

The  Taconic  system,  contrary  to  the  other  members  of  the 
Paleozoic  series  of  North  America,  has  been  subjected  to  dislo- 
cations on  a  vast  scale,  and  presents  almost  always  strata  up- 
heaved, broken  up,  and  in  the  most  disturbed  state,  with  the 
exception  of  the  upper  portion  or  Potsdam  group.     Generally, 
along  the  Alleghany  range,  the  Lower  Silurian  rocks  follow  imme- 
diately ;  although  in  Canada,  Vermont,  and  New  York,  patches 
of  Hudson  River  group,  Utica  slate,  Trenton  limestone,  Chazy 
limestone,  and    Calciferous   sandrocks,  indicate  that  the  Lower 
Silurian  strata  have  recovered   in   discordance  of  stratification 
some  parts  of  the  country  where  the  Taconic  strata  were  up- 
heaved and  dislocated.     In  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  North 
Carolina,  New  Red  Sandstone  covers  the  Taconic  strata,  proba- 
bly, also,  in  Maine  and  New  Brunswick.     In  the  elevation  of 
land  comprised  between  the  Upper  Mississippi,  Lake  Superior, 
and  Lake  Michigan,  the  Taconic  system  is  well  developed,  resting 
on  granite ;  it  is  formed  of  slates,  mica-schists,  quartzites,  lime- 
stones, iron  breccia,  and  is  terminated  by  what  D.  D.  Owen  has 
called  Lower  sandstone  of  the  Upper  Mississippi,  or  formation  I. 
Until  now,  fossil  remains  have  only  been  found  in  the  upper  part 
of  the  system,  on  the  St.  Croix  River,  where  Mr.  Owen  has  indi- 
cated and  described  Trilobites  and  Lingulas,  indicating  the  Pri- 
mordial fauna.    Fragments  of  Primordial  Trilobites,  and  Lingulse, 
have  also  been  found  near  Lake  Michigan,  and  on  the  Menomonee 
and  Escanaba  rivers.     On  the  southern  part  of  the  elevation  of 
land  alluded  to,  the  Taconic  strata  are  followed  and  recovered  by 
the  Silurian  rocks,  while  on  the  northern  part,  that  is  to  say,  in  the 
Lake  Superior  direction,  they  are  covered  in  discordant  stratifica- 
tion, as  in  North  Carolina,  by  the  Triassic  strata  of  the  Lake 
Superior  sandstone  formation.     Taconic  strata  exist  also  on  the 
northern  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  especially  near  the  Pic  and 


382 


Gros  Cap,  where  slates  are  found  intercalated  between  granite 
and  gneiss  rocks. 

Farther  west,  in  the  Black  Hills  of  Nebraska,  Dr.  ITayden 
has  recognized  the  Primordial  fauna  in  a  series  of  sandstone  rocks, 
resting  on  slates,  mica-schists,  and  azoic  rocks.  Dr.  Ferdinand 
Roemer,  in  his  exploration  of  Texas  ('<  Die  KreideUldungen  von 
Texas  und  ihre  organischen  Einschliisse  "  Bonn,  1852),  has  de- 
scribed trilobites  from  the  San  Sabaz,  which  M.  Barrande  refers 
to  the  Primordial  fauna ;  and  Dr.  B.  F.  Shumard  has  since  discov- 
ered in  the  same  region  of  Texas,  trilobites  of  the  genus  ArioneU 
lus,  Lingula,  Obolus,  and  Orthis,  which  leave  no  doubt  of  the 
existence  of  the  Taconic  system  in  Texas  ('*  Trans,  of  the  Acad,  of 
St.  Louis,"  p.  673,  1860).  Even  from  the  small  notice  of  Dr. 
Shumard,  it  appears  that  the  Primordial  fauna  of  Texas  is  almost 
identical  with  the  one  just  discovered  in  the  Cantabrian  Chain  of 
Spain  by  Casiano  de  Prado,  ("  Bull,  de  la  Soc.  Geol.  de  France,"  p. 
516,vol.  XVIL,  1860). 


